VX (Nerve Agent) - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
2020年8月20日 · Nonvolatile liquid agents, such as vesicants and the oily VX nerve agent, do not easily evaporate into a gas, and therefore remain hazardous for long periods of time. The size of the droplets that are used for persistent delivery is up to 1 mm, which accelerates the falling speed; as a result, nearly 80% of the agent reaches the ground, causing ...
VX (Nerve Agent) - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
2019年4月30日 · One of the few experimental attempts to evaluate human exposure to VX vapor for durations longer than a few minutes is the historically important study of Bramwell et al. (1963), in which eight individuals were exposed to VX vapor concentrations ranging from 0.23 mg/m 3 to 5 mg VX/m 3 for durations ranging from 2.25 s to 24 min (Cts=0.7–25.6 ...
Anchoring the quantification of VX and Russian VX using portable …
2021年10月1日 · Fowler and Smith first reported the “G-analogue” of VX by thermal desorption-gas chromatography (TD-GC) analysis and introduced the V-to-G conversion filter [14]. The filter adopts the nucleophilic reaction of silver fluoride (AgF) with VX where a fluorine-phosphorous bond replaces the sulfur-phosphorous bond and the sulfur leaving group is ...
Evaluation of the possibility of binary synthesis of VX by …
2020年10月1日 · The reaction pathway of the VX synthesis under basic conditions is shown in Fig. 2 a. Under basic conditions, EMPSH is deprotonated and DECl is a free base. The VX synthesis reaction occurs between EMPS − and DECl via a prototype S N 2 reaction transition state with an activation energy of +36.0 kcal mol −1 and endothermicity (+7.6 kcal mol ...
Nerve Gas - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl]methylphosphonothiolate) is chemically C 11 H 26 NO 2 PS. VX is the least volatile agent with consistency of motor oil. They can persist in the ground for as long as 24 h. This persistence and higher lipophilicity make VX 100–150 times more toxic than GB in cases of delayed evacuation.
Anchoring the quantification of VX and Russian VX using portable …
2021年10月1日 · Purity of synthesized nerve agents (VX-G 96.9% and RVX-G 99.5%) as well as focusing agent (DEETP-G 98.8%) was calculated by gas Results and discussion In the present study, we compare the standard method of quantification for VX-G and RVX-G which uses the internal standard BPFB (recommended by the manufacturer), to our alternative approach ...
Russian VX - ScienceDirect
2009年1月1日 · The arbitrary name VX relates to a group of O,S-diesters of methylphosphonic acid ROPO(CH 3)S(CH 2) 2 N(R1) 2. O-Isobutyl S-2-(diethylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate (R = iBu, R1 = Et), produced since 1972 exclusively in the former Soviet Union, was generally referred to as Russian VX or RVX (CAS #159939-87-4).
A review of sensing technologies for nerve agents, through the …
2023年11月1日 · EPA/600/R-15/097: Adaptation of the Conditions of U.S. EPA Method 538 for the Analysis of a Toxic Degradation Product of Nerve Agent VX (EA2192) in Water by Direct Aqueous Injection- Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry: 0.013: 2016 [46] Campisano: GC-MS: EPA/600/R-16/116: Analytical Protocol for VX Using Gas …
Unambiguous mass spectral characterization of VX and its six …
2016年2月25日 · VX, namely O-ethyl S-2-(N,N-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate, is the best known nerve agent and its CWC Schedule number is 1.A.03. LD 50 and LCt 50 of VX by inhalation are estimated as 6–10 mg kg −1 and 10 mg min m −3 [16]. When dealing with the analysis of real samples or OPCW proficiency tests, due to the internationally ...
Efficacy of atropine and scopolamine on airway contractions …
2021年5月15日 · The airway contraction induced by both methods was enhanced by VX and resulted in lingering airway recovery, in particular when airways were exposed to a high VX-dose. Both contractions induced by EFS and exogenously added ACh were significantly reduced by administration of the antimuscarinic drugs atropine or scopolamine. Two additions of ...