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  1. AMetSoc
    https://journals.ametsoc.org › view › journals › atsc

    The Ice Crystal–Graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of …

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Thunderstorm Electrification
    Collision Charging

  2. THUNDERSTORM ice crystals的图片

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  3. National Weather Service
    https://www.weather.gov › safety › lightnin…

    Understanding Lightning: Thunderstorm …

    The upward motions within the storm and winds at higher levels in the atmosphere tend to cause the small ice crystals (and positive charge) in the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud to …

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Thunderstorm Electrification
  4. UA Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences
    http://www.atmo.arizona.edu › students › courselinks › ...

    Lecture 11 - Thunderstorm electrification - University of Arizona

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Thunderstorm Electrification
  6. ScienceDirect
    https://www.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii

    The electric field alignment of ice crystals in thunderstorms

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Publish Year:1999
    C.P.R Saunders, J.S Rimmer
  7. National Weather Service
    https://www.weather.gov › safety › lightning-science...

    Understanding Lightning Science - National Weather …

    A well-developed thunderstorm cloud contains mostly small ice crystals in the upper levels of the cloud, a mixture of small ice crystals and small hail in the middle levels of the cloud, and a mixture of rain and melting hail in the lower …

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Science
  8. Geosciences LibreTexts
    https://geo.libretexts.org › Bookshelves › M…

    15.3: Lightning and Thunder - Geosciences …

    2024年12月14日 · In 1 km 3 of thunderstorm air, there can be on the order of 5x10 13 collisions of graupel and ice crystals per minute. The lighter-weight ice crystals carry their positive …

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Stull
  9. 其他用户还问了以下问题
    Where do ice crystals move in a thunderstorm?
    In a thunderstorm, the updraft carries the positively charged ice crystals upward toward the top of the storm cloud. Meanwhile, the larger and denser graupel is either suspended in the middle of the thunderstorm cloud or falls toward the lower part.

    Understanding Lightning: Thunderstorm Electrification

    weather.gov
    How are ice crystals orientated in a thunderstorm anvil?
    Laboratory measurements of the electric field strength required to orientate ice crystals typical of those in thunderstorm anvils have now been made. The particular distribution of visible laser light scattered by a cloud of ice crystals orientated in an electric field is used to identify the types of ice crystal present. 1. Introduction

    The electric field alignment of ice crystals in thunderstorms

    sciencedirect.com
    How do thunderstorms Orient ice crystals?
    Evidently, electric fields in the electrified regions of thunderstorms are sufficient to orientate ice crystals and the release of electric tension following a lightning stroke leads to the observation of a rapid re-orientation of the crystals.

    The electric field alignment of ice crystals in thunderstorms

    sciencedirect.com
    How do ice crystals transfer electrons in a thunderstorm?
    The electron being transferred during the collision is circled with a dashed green line. After the transfer, the graupel has net negative charge that it carries down toward the bottom of the thunderstorm, and the ice crystal has net positive charge that it carries up into the anvil.

    15.3: Lightning and Thunder - Geosciences LibreTexts

    geo.libretexts.org
    Why is ice crystal graupel collision charging important in thunderstorm electrification?
    The ice crystal–graupel collision charging mechanism, which is considered important in thunderstorm electrification, was studied using the newly developed Triple Interaction Facility that allows independent control of the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a simulated cloud.

    The Ice Crystal–Graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of ... - AMETSOC

    journals.ametsoc.org
    Do ice crystals and droplets coexist in a cloud?
    In most of the cloud, droplets and ice crystals coexist for some time, so the nonequilibrium but quasi steady-state RH of the air would depend on the relative number concentration of droplets and ice crystals. Intermediate relative humidities are associated with ice crystal concentrations of the order of 10–100 L −1.

    The Ice Crystal–Graupel Collision Charging Mechanism of ... - AMETSOC

    journals.ametsoc.org
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  10. psu.edu
    http://www.meteo.psu.edu › Html › tstorm.htm

    Meteorology 2/3 - meteo.psu.edu

    The falling ice crystals and rain drag air down with them, forming the downdraft of the thunderstorm. This descending air becomes cooler than the surroundings as the raindrops and ice crystals …

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Thunderstorm
  11. ScienceDirect
    https://www.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii

    Thunderstorm charging: Laboratory experiments clarified

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    I.M. Brooks, C.P.R. Saunders
    Publish Year:1995
  12. Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com › planet-earth › weather › ...

    What is thundersnow? The weird weather …

    2025年1月6日 · Thunderstorms occur when warm, moist air rises and condenses in cooler, dryer air above it, forming towering cumulus clouds. ... Inside these clouds is a combination of light ice crystals, which ...

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    East Coast of the United States
    Midwestern United States
  13. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov › search.jsp

    Determination of Thunderstorm Anvil Ice Contents and Other …

    标记:
    Ice Crystals
    Publish Year:1999