Current approved treatments for cyanide intoxication can be divided into three classes: methemoglobin generators and nitric oxide donors (sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite, and dimethyl aminophenol), sulfur donors (sodium thiosulfate and glutathione), and direct binding agents (hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt edetate).

Management of cyanide toxicity is based on the principle of reversing and/or displacing cyanide binding to cytochrome a3. There are two major modalities of treatment: hydroxocobalamin and the cyanide antidote kit containing sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate.5.

In general, chemical weapon agents are organized into several categories (according to the physiological manner in which they affect the human body). They may also be divided by tactical purpose or chemical structure.

2024年9月6日 · Cyanide is a fast acting and potentially deadly chemical that affects the body's ability to use oxygen. It comes from natural substances in some foods and in certain plants, including the pits and seeds of some common fruits. Cyanide is sometimes described as having a "bitter almond" smell.

Cyanide is a potentially lethal toxic agent that can be found in liquid and gaseous form. First discovered in 1786 by Scheele, who extracted it from the dye Prussian blue – and promptly died from exposure to the vapours; Average lethal dose of prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide, HCN) taken by mouth between 60 and 90 mg (adult)

Blood/systemic agents are poisons that affect the body by being absorbed into the blood. Chemicals such as hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, and phospine cause rapid loss of consciousness and collapsing, seizure, hypotension and cardiac arrest, also known as Knockdown Syndrome.

Cyanogen chloride (CK) is a highly volatile and toxic chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body's ability to use oxygen. Exposure to cyanogen chloride (CK) can be rapidly fatal.

Full arrest without full body burns incompatible with life. They found 50% ROSC in fire victims in full arrest when hydroxycobalamin was administered. Directly binds cyanide forming cyanocobalamin which is readily excreted in the urine. Composed of two drugs (2 …

Cyanide agent's primary means of inducing toxicity is through inhalation and skin/eye contact. The clinical signs of poisoning following significant vapor inhalation begin in seconds to minutes after exposure.

H ydrogen cyanide has been known as a potent toxicant for over 200 years. It was used as a chemical warfare agent during World War I by France. Although it is highly volatile (and was later considered “militarily useless” because of its volatility), no deaths from its military use during World War I were ever reported (Haber, 1986).