Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, tetragastrin, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH 2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone cholecystokinin.

2022年5月25日 · A particular fragment of cholecystokinin called CCK-4 is known to produce anxiety and panic in humans. For this reason, scientists often use it to test new anxiety-reducing drugs. A note from Cleveland Clinic

2023年5月1日 · Binding sites of CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors have different affinities for various CCK neuropeptide fragments. CCK-A binding has a higher affinity for sulfated, intermediate, neuropeptide CCK-8 than CCK-4; therefore, most of its action is peripheral.

CCK-4 is a bioactive form of cholecystokinin (CCK) composed of 4 amino acids. It is one of the peptide hormones that play a role in regulating food intake and acts by binding to CCK receptors in the gut and brain. AI generated definition based on: Vitamins & Hormones, 2013

CCK-4 is the C-terminal tetrapeptide (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) of cholecystokinin (CCK) in which methionine residue can be replaced with norleucine (Nle) without a loss of activity. You might find these chapters and articles relevant to this topic.

We investigated the functional neuroanatomy of CCK‐4‐induced panic attacks in healthy volunteers by means of fMRI in order to clarify whether experimentally induced anxiety by CCK‐4 is reflected by distinct brain activation patterns in neuronal fear circuits.

Sufficient CCK-4 sensitivity was defined as achievement of a sudden onset of anxiety and panic along with presence of at least 4 symptoms in the PSS with either a score of ≥ 2 on PSS item 15 (Anxiety and Fear for Apprehension) or achievement of a …

Introduction: Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) is an established model to generate subjective panic anxiety. CCK-4 injection also results in consistent and dose-dependent rise of stress hormones. Effects other than upon subjective panic and …

2010年12月1日 · Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) is an established model to generate subjective panic anxiety. CCK-4 injection also results in consistent and dose-dependent rise of stress hormones. Effects other than upon subjective panic and stress hormone activity have barely been examined.

Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4), a synthetic analog of the endogenous neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), is thought to be implicated in this network. The CCK-4 challenge model is an accepted method of investigating the pathophysiology of panic and has been shown to mediate neuronal activation via the transient receptor potential canonical ...