For 3D modeled data using the point cloud or mesh-based data representations, the rendering engine casts light rays from the virtual camera center (i.e., the user’s viewpoint) to the 3D object surface (possibly using enlarged points in the point clouds to avoid object holes) and calculates a color with for example BDRF 3 raytracing techniques.

2013年11月1日 · With the development of computer technology, the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), as a theoretical concept that describes the directional reflection characteristics by relating the incident irradiance from a given direction to its contribution to the reflected radiance in another specific direction, is widely used in computer graphics [1], [2], …

2023年4月1日 · The spectral reflectance in a remotely sensed image also depends on the pixel’s spatial location due to the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) effect (Roy et al., 2016).

2022年2月1日 · Realistic appearance modelling of real-world materials has been a widely studied topic in Computer Graphics. In this context, the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) is used to characterise the interaction of light and matter

2014年1月1日 · Once the 6 sets of BDRF parameters – corresponding to the 6 correction methods – were obtained, we normalized observed red and infrared reflectances (ρ N) to a common observation geometry (i.e. 45° illuminating angle, 0° viewing angle — nadir, and 0° relative azimuthal angle).

2018年9月15日 · The free-availability of Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2A Multi Spectral Instrument (MSI) data significantly advances the virtual constellation paradigm for mid-resolution land imaging (Roy et al., 2014a; Wulder et al., 2015).

2002年11月1日 · The operational MODIS BRDF/Albedo algorithm makes use of a kernel-driven, linear BRDF model which relies on the weighted sum of an isotropic parameter and two functions (or kernels) of viewing and illumination geometry to determine reflectance, R (Roujean, Leroy, & Deschamps, 1992).

2022年8月1日 · Thus, BDRF-2D provides information that can be used for BIM-based drawing creation rather than the information required by the existing guidelines, and the BDRF-2D-based BIM data set improves the productivity of the BIM process by ensuring consistency of data by minimizing unnecessary work and drawing-expression elements other than BIM data.

2008年6月16日 · The BDRF models fitted separately for each class of observations were, on average, able to explain of 60% of variations in PRI (mean rˉ 2 = 0.6, σ = 0.2, p < 0.05) with the most significant results being achieved for clear sky observations.

2015年12月1日 · The MODIS-BRDF/albedo standard product (i.e., MCD43), available globally since 2000, has been validated up to Stage 3 (for more details see (WWW1, n.d.)) as defined by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) (i.e., over a widely distributed set of locations and time period via several ground-truth and validation efforts) (Cescatti et al., 2012).