Photographs of the inner surface of the lips, oral mucosa, and gingivae independently were rated for severity of oral pigment change by two raters blind to a patient's alcohol or smoking history. This study demonstrates that reported observable oral pigment changes identify patients who are heavy smokers and drinkers, and may be a useful ...

Alcohol can destroy the lipid composition that the protective layer of oral mucosa covers acanthosis granules, and disrupt the normal order of epithelial lipid molecules, resulting in a gap between epithelial cells and increasing oral mucosal permeability.

Purpose The purpose of this narrative review of the literature was to examine the current evidence on alcoholism and the consequences on oral and general health, in addition to implications to enhance dental hygiene practice for individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Methods The search was developed for Medline (via Ovid) and then translated to Cinahl, Scopus, and Web of Science Core ...

Physiologic pigmentation is the most common multifocal or diffuse oral mucosal pigmentation (Table 5‐4). Dark‐complexioned individuals, including black, Asian, and Latino people, frequently show patchy to generalized hyperpigmentation of the oral mucosal tissues.

Chemical agents such as 90% phenol in combination with 95% alcohol have been found to be quite harmful to soft oral tissues leading to tissue necrosis and pain. This mixture was found to burn out the pigmented gingiva by destroying tissue down to and slightly below the basal layer of the mucous membranes [47] .