The flow of genetic information within a cell. DNA is initially transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA is then translated into a protein. (See Central dogma of molecular biology.) mRNA structure, approximately to scale for a human mRNA. In molecular genetics, an untranslated region (or UTR) refers to either of two sections, one on each side of a coding …

The 5′ untranslated region (also known as 5′ UTR, leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA) is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon.This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript by differing mechanisms in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes.While called untranslated, the 5′ UTR or a …

The eukaryotic 5’ untranslated region (UTR) is critical for ribosome recruitment to the mRNA and start codon choice, and plays a major role in the control of translation efficiency and shaping the cellular proteome. ... Translational Control in Biology and Medicine (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2007), pp. 269 ...

The UTR on the 3′ side is called the 3′UTR or trailer sequence, and is a powerful regulatory element that determines the rate at which protein translation proceeds (Schwerk and Savan, 2015). The 5′UTR region is the major determinant controlling the initial steps of protein expression (Hinnebusch et al., 2016).

2023年12月20日 · In evolutionary biology, the UTR has been shown to be highly variable between species. Changes in the UTR can lead to differences in gene expression patterns and ultimately contribute to phenotypic diversity. For example, variations in the UTR can lead to changes in the timing or location of gene expression during development, resulting in ...

2022年6月29日 · The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) is a sequence present in messenger RNA (mRNA), which serves as the point of entry for the ribosome during translation. This primary structure can adopt RNA secondary and tertiary structures that regulate translation initiation in one of two ways.

Whereas the length of the 3′ UTR immensely increased during eukaryotic evolution, the 5′ UTR has maintained a median length of approximately 53–218 nucleotides 17,19,32,33. The longest known median length of mRNA 5′ UTRs occurs in humans (218 nucleotides) 30 , 31 , exceeding those of other mammals and dwarfing that of budding yeast (53 ...

2 Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109. Find articles by Samantha L Schuster. 1, 2, Andrew C Hsieh. ... Though the number of known cancer-related mutations in UTR regulatory elements has recently increased markedly due to advances in whole-genome sequencing, little is known about how the majority ...

2024年4月5日 · There has been a substantial amount of research 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 exploring the biology of the 5′ UTR, including its secondary structure (SS) 2, RNA-binding proteins that may interact with it 3 ...

2002年3月3日 · Gene expression is finely regulated at the post-transcriptional level. Features of the untranslated regions of mRNAs that control their translation, degradation and localization include stem-loop structures, upstream initiation codons and open reading frames, internal ribosome entry sites and various cis-acting elements that are bound by RNA-binding proteins.