Recent theoretical and experimental advances provide new insights into how mass is distributed within particles like protons, neutrons, and pions, offering critical guidance for future research.

All oxygen atoms have 8 protons and all sodium atoms have 11 protons. The nucleon number (or mass number) of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons it contains. The nucleon number of ...

It also tells us that chlorine has 18 neutrons (35 - 17) and, as the number of electrons and protons are equal in a neutral atom, chlorine also has 17 electrons. The relative mass of a nucleus is ...

Using this mass data, they have determined the proton dripline for aluminum, phosphorus, sulfur, and argon elements, and proposed a new approach to uncover proton halo structures. The results were ...