Any positive or negative output voltage will quickly “hit the rail ... you can deal with nearly all op amp circuits if you remember two simple rules: The inputs of the op amp don’t connect ...

Resistors, MOSFETs and Diodes are the common sources of noise in analog circuits. In order to perform noise analysis we need ... The RMS value of total noise voltage is given below. Noise Analysis of ...

If you ever wanted to build your own tube amplifier but you were intimidated by working with high voltages, [Marcel]’s low-voltage tube ... his simple schematic should be all you need to get ...