Closed reduction by reversal of the injuring forces is often successful for those abduction-external rotation injuries in which the medial malleolar fracture is below the level of the plafond ...

The combination of external rotation and abduction accounts for most fractures of the malleoli, and external rotation typically is an element in ruptures of the deltoid ligament. Since external ...

The mechanism is thought to be force in extreme external rotation. Fractures arising from direct application of force to the malleolar region require careful analysis. Computed tomography helps to ...