The use of ratchet mechanisms to directionally bias molecular level dynamics is increasingly well understood but their potential for enabling thermodynamically unfavourable chemical ...

For breakthroughs in catalysed non-equilibrium systems, particularly molecular ratchet mechanisms, that have provided fundamental insights into the dynamics of matter. A team of researchers from the ...

Otto Büttner In 1883 Karl Otto Büttner, a mechanical engineer from Dresden, Germany, patented (together with Carl Gustav Th.