The shorter heavy metal pumps only have membrane helices M1–M6, and some, like the bacterial CopA 20, do not extend much beyond M6. Hence the importance of the loop between helices 6 and 7 is ...

This takes place when molecules diffuse across the cell membrane by travelling through ... of high concentration with energy: The proteins pump sodium out of the cells and potassium into the ...

At the inner mitochondrial membrane, a high energy electron is passed along an electron transport chain. The energy released pumps hydrogen ... energy to run the cell. Learn how the small genome ...