145-155 “'Destruction of noxious beast': Ox-plowing, conservation, and the late colonial rule in The Gambia, West Africa," The Journal of the Middle East and West Africa (forthcoming) Book review: The ...

During the ceremony, the ritual of Whipping the Spring Ox was conducted on the farmland in front of the temple. A village elder led a plow ox adorned with red flowers on its horns and draped in a ...