Its more radical wing proclaimed Stepan Bandera as its providnyk (equivalent to the German Führer or the Italian duce). This OUN-B (B for Bandera) adopted the red and black flag, symbolising red for ...

The flag, used by Ukrainian nationalists OUN-B/UPA, is unequivocally associated in Poland with the Volhynia massacre – one of the most dramatic episodes of World War II – which results in its ...