Valence electrons with quantum properties are also ... As the temperature decreased, the number of pairs increased and eventually saturated, while the remaining electrons formed an ...

Crystals with quantum valence electrons are particularly significant ... As the temperature decreased, the number of electron pairs increased and eventually saturated, leaving the remaining ...

We find that it is the 4s orbital electrons that are ionised first before the 3d orbitals. We have to conclude that, ironically for the d-block elements, the 4s orbitals are in fact higher in energy ...