The white police force sometimes tortured and killed the regime’s Black opponents. Nelson Mandela was a leader of the African National Congress, the main group arguing that all races should have ...

Mandela was secretly appointed its commander in chief. "At the end of the day...violence was the only weapon that would destroy apartheid." Nelson Mandela, 1959 "Monitoring Mandela (Four Police ...

In the winter of 1964, Nelson Mandela arrived on Robben Island where he would spend 18 of his 27 prison years. Confined to a small cell, the floor his bed, a bucket for a toilet, he was forced to ...