series of bundle-scars around margin of leaf scar Fruit: Green husk covered in spikes; nut and husk are round; nut is red-brown, bitter, glabrous, with a conspicuous scar. Bark: Pinky-gray and smooth ...

commonly known as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, is a moth that has become a significant pest for horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) across Europe since its introduction in the 1980s.

Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is a tree native to the Balkan Peninsula but is now widely cultivated around the world. While it is commonly associated with its striking flowers and ...