The average particle size was calculated using the Debye-Scherrer equation, which provided insights into the dimensions of the nanoparticles. Additionally, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR ...

Certain mineral nanoparticles were found to damage the membrane of the virus, making it less able to enter human cells. The mode of action that is demonstrated has not been discussed in previous ...

including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were used to analyze the nanoparticles and their ...