High altitude reduces birth weights, averaging a 100-g fall per 1000 m elevation gain, as the result of restriction of third trimester fetal growth. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR ...

The fetus develops in an environment of low oxygen tension relative to the mother. This is due to the design of the placenta. The maternal uterine blood vessels and the fetal umbilical blood ...

"Many factors can disrupt healthy brain development in utero, and this study demonstrates the placenta is a crucial mediator between maternal ... the fetal brain may not get enough oxygen and ...

Respiratory infections during pregnancy pose risks such as premature labor, low birth weight, and fetal distress ... women can hinder nutrient and oxygen supply to the fetus, affecting growth.

Is cannabis use during pregnancy safe? No, the use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) may affect your baby's growth and lead to lifelong behavior changes.