"Scientists are confident there's a rocky seafloor at the bottom of Europa’s ocean. Hydrothermal activity could possibly supply chemical nutrients that could support living organisms." ...

Three typical contexts for detecting life on Europa are identified, within the icy shell, at the ice-water interface and on the seafloor. Each context is composed by 4 major contextual elements ...

Europa's frozen, fissured surface, seen here in a colorized mosaic image from the Galileo spacecraft, hides a liquid ocean that may hold all the ingredients needed for life. Three key ingredients ...