or the effect of a natural healing process in a narrow esophagus. Johansson et al. conclude that prophylactic use of PPIs reduces the formation of benign anastomotic strictures, as does the use of ...

esophageal strictures and esophageal rings. [13] The symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation have been found to be highly specific for diagnosing GERD, although they may have a low sensitivity.