A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct ... Scientists have taken advantage of plasmids to use them as tools to clone, transfer, and manipulate genes.

In other experiments, we have found that plasmid DNA can be precipitated in the presence of up to 200 mM NaCl using 10 mM of the (more potent) tetravalent spermine. Figure 2: Precipitation by ...

This process is referred to as cloning. It uses restriction enzymes to cut the plasmid and the gene fragment at sequence-specific locations ... Gene editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, allow for ...

and recombinant DNA technologies. Plasmids come in different sizes and conformations, and so confirming and verifying plasmid quality is essential for downstream use. Scientists commonly do this using ...