The adjusted HR of death for patients with CKD was 1.29 (95% CI 0.81–2.05), P = 0.27. When each stage of CKD was evaluated individually in the multivariate model, we found a graded increase in ...

Patients were classified into five stages of CKD in accordance with the classification of the National Kidney Foundation (Table 1). The online Social Security Death Index was used in order to ...

While observational studies indicated a positive association between smoking status and the risk of CKD, the Mendelian randomization analysis revealed no evidence of a causal relationship.