You have full access to this article via your institution. This situation, as Sawyer has pointed out, also does not follow the spirit of the 3Rs in reducing the total number of animals used.

Fig. 1a shows a rise in 3Rs-related requests received between 2019 and 2023 (n = 45). Among these, 80% aim to replace a certain animal test through the use of NAMs; the remainder address reducing ...

The ICR is strongly committed to the highest standards of animal welfare in all research studies, and has led the development of best practice in this area. We also support the principles of the 3Rs – ...

The 3Rs stand for Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. They aim to minimise the use of animals in scientific experiments, maximise their well-being and promote alternative methods. ETH Zurich ...

In 1959, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Scholars Russell & Burch published the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique in which they laid out the principles of the Three Rs.

The field of neurotoxicology is experiencing a paradigm shift with the integration of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), which includes in vitro, in silico, ...

helps to ensure that those working with animals have access to the information they need about the relevant species, as well as information on replacement, reduction and refinement (the 3Rs). The ...

The biennial award is named after high profile veterinarian John Schofield, whose work focused on the welfare of animals used in research and teaching. This 3Rs award was created to recognise similar ...